Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and polymath whose groundbreaking work laid the foundation for modern science. Born in Pisa, he initially studied medicine at the University of Pisa but shifted his focus to mathematics and natural philosophy. Galileo's use of the newly invented telescope led to monumental discoveries: he observed mountains on the Moon, the phases of Venus, and the moons of Jupiter, challenging the geocentric model of the universe.

In his 1610 publication "Sidereus Nuncius" (Starry Messenger), Galileo shared his celestial findings, which garnered attention and controversy. His support of the Copernican heliocentric theory brought him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church. In 1632, after publishing "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems," Galileo was tried by the Inquisition and forced to recant, spending the remainder of his life under house arrest.

Despite these challenges, Galileo continued his scientific work, contributing to the laws of motion and developing the principles of inertia, which influenced future scientists, including Isaac Newton. Galileo's insistence on empirical evidence and mathematical analysis established him as a pivotal figure in the Scientific Revolution, earning him the title "Father of Modern Observational Astronomy." He died in Arcetri, near Florence, in 1642.